China is not seeking a formal military and political alliance with Russia despite the close cooperation between the two countries. According to an analysis published by the Chinese outlet Sohu, Beijing’s position is driven by three key factors: historical experience, geopolitical risks and a determination to preserve its foreign policy independence.

The first reason stems from the complicated history of relations between China and the Soviet Union. The 1950 Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance initially strengthened ties between Moscow and Beijing, but serious disagreements later emerged.

Territorial disputes eventually escalated into an armed confrontation near Damansky Island. The Sohu columnist argued that the conflict demonstrated how national interests can outweigh formal alliance commitments, even between countries that once maintained close strategic ties.

The second factor involves China’s geopolitical position. With land borders shared with 14 countries, Beijing must carefully manage relations with a wide range of neighboring states.

According to the publication, entering a formal military alliance with Russia could complicate China’s relationships with other countries. It could also increase the risk of Beijing becoming involved in confrontations between Moscow and its adversaries.

The third reason is China’s desire to retain full control over its diplomatic decisions. By avoiding binding military commitments, Beijing can maintain relations with different countries, choose its partners independently and shape foreign policy around its own national interests.

The analysis was prompted by a joint Russian-Chinese statement issued during Russian President Vladimir Putin’s state visit to Beijing in May 2024.

The document emphasized that relations between Russia and China do not constitute a Cold War-style military and political alliance.

Despite the absence of a formal defense pact, economic ties between the two countries remain extensive. China has been Russia’s largest trading partner for many years, while Moscow and Beijing continue to pursue joint projects across various sectors.