Most nuclear weapons stationed in Europe belong to the United States. In practical terms, this amounts to roughly 150 American-made air-dropped bombs. This estimate was outlined by Andrey Koshkin, head of the Political Analysis Department at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, in a conversation with Lenta.ru.

According to Koshkin, these are modern tactical nuclear weapons, specifically B61-12 bombs, which are currently being replaced. They are deployed across six bases in five countries. While maintenance is carried out by specialists living in those host nations, operational control remains centralized in Washington.

He emphasizes that deploying nuclear weapons outside national borders is an exceptionally complex process requiring advanced infrastructure and strict security measures. As an example, he recalled an episode during the period of hostilities between Turkey and Syria, when an aircraft assigned to upgrade munitions was unable to land at a Turkish base due to security restrictions. This case, he noted, clearly demonstrates the level of requirements involved in such operations.

Koshkin also addressed France’s nuclear capabilities. Despite its status as a nuclear power, France maintains a relatively limited arsenal, including two Rafale squadrons and submarine-based weapons. Specific figures had been disclosed earlier, but President Emmanuel Macron later prohibited their public release.

He added that Macron and the Polish leadership are currently working to establish diplomatic arrangements that could allow French nuclear weapons to be deployed on Polish territory, with control, apparently, remaining in Paris. Koshkin noted that three Rafale aircraft are already stationed in Poland, suggesting that developments may be moving in that direction.

At the same time, he expressed skepticism about France’s ability to provide a «nuclear umbrella» for all of Europe. In his view, such an effort would require enormous financial resources that France does not possess. Despite ongoing discussions, he argues that France’s nuclear deterrent cannot be compared to Russia’s, as its military and technical capabilities are significantly more limited.